We discovered recently that newlib-nano implementation of the C stdlib that we are using in our project links a very simple memcpy implementation to our code. The last time I saw source for a C run-time-library implementation of memcpy (Microsoft&39;s compiler in the 1990s), it used the algorithm you describe but it was written in assembly. Cross-compiler vendors generally include a precompiled set of standard class libraries, including a basic implementation of memcpy (). Sep 06, 2021 memcpy is used to copy a block of memory from a location to another. 26 Oct 2022. From "zhichang. 14 Dec 2022. org> This patch, based on Linaro&39;s Cortex Strings library, improves the performance of the assembly optimized memcpy() function. We can easily implement the memset () function in C programming. than your straightforward for loop. memcpy is a very useful C function; but it has a flaw. Then one by one copy data from source to destination. privateextern void memcpy(void dst0, const void src0, . ) Likely, this is due to the OS vendor requirement that memcpy() be tuned for every processor line based on the processor&x27;s characteristics, so a stock memcpy() implementation should be reasonable on a wide number of brands and lines. The techniques described here makes the C implementation of memcpy a lot faster and in many cases faster than commercial ones. In fact, Memcpy is an efficient memory copy function. &183; The C memcpy command provides mechanism to copy a set of bytes from location to another. The last time I saw source for a C run-time-library implementation of memcpy (Microsoft&39;s compiler in the 1990s), it used the algorithm you describe but it was written in assembly. "Walter Bright" <newshound2digitalmars. A simple memcpy () implementation will copy the given number of characters, one by one. If a negative number is passed, overlaying of memory may occur. It is a (code) size-optimized implementation that basically just copies data in a for-loop. 2 Aug 2017. After that typecasting the value with unsigned char, assigned the value to each byte of the buffer until n (given length). rguenther at suse dot de Fri, 06 Jun 2014 045451 -0700. Various operations, such as copying, concatenation, tokenization and searching are supported. Chunking is still possible to implement without aliasing violations, provided the compiler is good at optimizing regular memcpy() calls. Obviously I already have a pointer to pDest, as I am passing it to memcpy as the first argument. 18 hours ago We discovered recently that newlib-nano implementation of the C stdlib that we are using in our project links a very simple memcpy implementation to our code. Optimized memcpy implementation in c. 8 KB. Web. h file to your project. Web. &183; The C memcpy command provides mechanism to copy a set of bytes from location to another. ) Likely, this is due to the OS vendor requirement that memcpy() be tuned for every processor line based on the processor&x27;s characteristics, so a stock memcpy() implementation should be reasonable on a wide number of brands and lines. aeabimemcpy are supposed to be optimized for large copies; that&x27;s in the ABI documentation. programming geeks. The memcpy() function is also called the Copy Memory Block function. From "zhichang. If you can guarantee that the source and destination buffer do not overlap, you should use memcpy. If the code had been compiled as C then the const would be a true const, and so. Optimized memcpy implementation in c - gppg. My C implementation. The memcpy () routine in every C library moves blocks of memory of arbitrary size. void memcpy (void destination, const void source, sizet num); The idea is to simply typecast given addresses to char (char takes 1 byte). We discovered recently that newlib-nano implementation of the C stdlib that we are using in our project links a very simple memcpy implementation to our code. Standard C does not support implementing memcpy using other than character types. memcpy is the fastest library routine for memory-to-memory copy. Newer x86-64 processors will use SSE or AVX vector instructions. You need to typecast the given buffer memory to unsigned char. org Reporter geir at cray dot com Target Milestone --- The memcpy routine for GCC needs to be faster. Copy, same as Array. Newer x86-64 processors will use SSE or AVX vector instructions. A simple memcpy () implementation will copy the given number of characters, one by one. 1 increments), and timed (100 cycles for each) the various operations. yuan" <zhichang. Web. The aim is to develop the energy efficient technologies to explore hydro geothermal resources of different energy potential. Bear in mind a malloc implementation has very little information to go on, just the size of the allocation requested. It might (my memory is uncertain) have used rep movsd in the inner loop. The key is "for small N". Both the source code and the compressed data format are designed to be portable across platforms. A free implementation only has the pointer and whatever data &39;malloc&39; may have secretly attached to it. It is a (code) size-optimized implementation that basically just copies data in a for-loop. The last time I saw source for a C run-time-library implementation of memcpy (Microsoft&39;s compiler in the 1990s), it used the algorithm you describe but it was written in assembly. Let&39;s implement the simple memcpy function first. Web. Checked on the Internet, there are many articles about memcpy function optimization. It is a (code) size-optimized implementation that basically just copies data in a for-loop. (POSIX and the C standards are explicit that employing memcpy() with overlapping areas produces undefined behavior. 6 trillion won (1. Also, it uses temporary storage, there is a much greater risk that it will run out of memory with no warning. This implementation is based on &x27;backward copying&x27;. Apr 20, 2021 I have used the following techniques to optimize my memcpy Casting the data to as big a datatype as possible for copying. rz; ao. memcpy can be faster, and usually is. The aim is to develop the energy efficient technologies to explore hydro geothermal resources of different energy potential. Bear in mind a malloc implementation has very little information to go on, just the size of the allocation requested. 18 hours ago We discovered recently that newlib-nano implementation of the C stdlib that we are using in our project links a very simple memcpy implementation to our code. void memcpy (void destination, const void source, sizet num); The idea is to simply typecast given addresses to char (char takes 1 byte). The only difference between memcpy () and memmove () is that memmove () will switch to the backward loop when necessary for (i size; i > 0; i) dst i-1 src i-1; Adadum 2 yr. In C, this is implemented as an Array<IntImm>, specifying pre-flatteneing axes after which a new post-flattening should be started. 26 Sept 2019. Also, it uses temporary storage, there is a much greater risk that it will run out of memory with no warning. communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. . void memcpy(void dest, const void src, sizet n) Parameters dest This is pointer to the destination array where the content is to be copied, type-casted to a pointer of type void. This is a reasonably optimized memcpy() routine. 6 trillion won (1. Jun 20, 2022 Memcpy is a C. 0git documentation; PRs that implement the guidance in this doc 15253, 15286, 15287, 15302, 15303. 9 small size copy optimized with jump table. >> - Utilize geterrorflag to check for regulator errors. Older x86 processors will use special string instructions like rep movsq to move the loop into the processor&39;s internal logic. On the contrary, newlib memcpy implementation is very sofisticated and performance optimized. It returns back the same address you passed it. The memcpy() routine in every C library moves blocks of memory of arbitrary size. Web. h and it is used to fill the memory blocks with a particular value. - Compression is pretty fast. On the contrary, newlib memcpy implementation is very sofisticated and performance optimized. The memcpy() routine in every C library moves blocks of memory of arbitrary size. Below is implementation of this idea. The function memcpy() copies count characters from the area pointed to by the source to the area pointed to by the dest. The syntax for memcpy () function in C language is as follows void memcpy (void arr1, const void arr2, sizet n); The memcpy () function will copy the n specified character from the source array or location. So i was expecting that memcpy. Added implementation for the WSS (Weight Scale Service) Server and Client roles. Your code says, Start copying 8 bytes as soon as one of the pointers is aligned. The last time I saw source for a C run-time-library implementation of memcpy (Microsoft&39;s compiler in the 1990s), it used the algorithm you describe but it was written in assembly. LZO implements a number of algorithms with the following features - Decompression is simple and very fast. vs traditional memcpy in msvc 2012 or gcc 4. LIBRARY Standard C Library (libc, -lc) SYNOPSIS include void memcpy (void dst, const void src, sizet n); DESCRIPTION The memcpy () function copies n bytes from memory from src location to memory pointed to dst. follymemcpy An optimized memcpy implementation that uses prefetch and AVX2 instructions. Web. Implement separated copy flow specifically optimized for target architecture > > 2. We look here at . 26 Jun 2017. · The . 2 billion) and DL E&C&39;s incorporated subsidiary DL USA will jointly perform. Nov 25, 2022 >> - Optimize use of & and operator >> - Check for VOUT, IOUT, TEMPERATURE bit in status word before checking >> respective status register for fault. <<memcpy>> requires no supporting OS subroutines. 15 Mar 2016. memcpy - copy memory area. The memcpy implementation from that package is done in C, probably with the hope that the compiler can generate some good code for it. org> This patch, based on Linaro&39;s Cortex Strings library, improves the performance of the assembly optimized memcpy() function. a constant move of 16 bytes) into inline optimized instructions, and it looks like for WebAssembly LLVM 9 is lowering almost all memcpy > calls into memory. On the contrary, newlib memcpy implementation is very sofisticated and performance optimized. Tourism Visakhapatnam Uncategorized memcpys implementation. Web. In this and the following post we begin our discussion of code optimization with how to efficiently transfer data between the host and device. My C implementation. LZO is written in ANSI C. This page describes the effects of the restrict qualifier. How to get that C-like performance in Julia. Bug ID 68261 Summary GCC needs to use optimized version of memcpy Product gcc Version 5. A free implementation only has the pointer and whatever data &39;malloc&39; may have secretly attached to it. oz ao jf. org Reporter geir at cray dot com Target Milestone --- The memcpy routine for GCC needs to be faster. There are plenty of ways to write a fast memcpy implementation . If performance is a problem, some time searching for a platform-specific implementation that may better suit your needs. In fact, Memcpy is an efficient memory copy function. The simplest and most straightforward way is trial and error; to make a variety of improvements with some baseline knowledge, verify them in the target scenario, and then choose a better one by using a set of evaluation criteria. Copyright (c) 2012-2022, Arm Limited. Various operations, such as copying, concatenation, tokenization and searching are supported. It&39;s used quite a bit in some programs and so is a natural target for optimization. bytes usually translates very well into machine code. 9; small size copy optimized with jump table. It is declared in string. In C, I have made a basic memset memcpy strcpy implementation, yet I am worried that they are slower than the STL equivalent, as they are probably made in assembly, which I do not know. From "zhichang. It is a (code) size-optimized implementation that basically just copies data in a for-loop. There are many ways to optimize an implementation. If the regions overlap, the behavior is undefined. Fast memcpy, A System Design. , scrolling in video mode, where each line on the screen is starting on an aligned boundary), but also for large (> 1 mb) and. The C programming language has a set of functions implementing operations on strings (character strings and byte strings) in its standard library. The C programming language has a set of functions implementing operations on strings (character strings and byte strings) in its standard library. High-performance memcpy is related to many factors, such as platform, processor, compiler, specific copy situation, etc. The memcpy () implies a function call, but again that might be optimised out by the compiler. When I write C code, I try to make . Optimized memcpys are invariably written in assembly, with several versions targeted to different processor architectures. n This is the number of bytes to be compared. 3 Power consumption is not yet optimized 4 SUOTA is not supported. You can rate examples to help us improve the quality of examples. memcpy() is highly optimized. ago for (sizet i0; i < size; i) dst i src i;. To demonstrate the flexibility and ease of use of PiDRAM, we implement and evaluate two state-of-the-art commodity DRAM-based PuM techniques (i) in-DRAM copy and initialization (RowClone) and (ii) in-DRAM true random number generation (D-RaNGe). URP Reduced the number of memcpy operations from NativeArray access in URP for performance. 1) this is not a single memcpymemmove function, this is actually three separate functions with different caracteristics, algorithms and optimizations; the code will choose the best function for the cpu at runtime, each function is built specifically for 3 different cpu architectures. Bug middle-end56888 memcpy implementation optimized as a call to memcpy. bench-memcpy-random is 9 faster than memcpyfalkor on Neoverse N1, so make this memcpy the default on N1 (on Centriq it is 15 faster than memcpyfalkor). Web. My own benchmarks I ran your version against the following two versions. Web. org> This patch, based on Linaro&39;s Cortex Strings library, improves the performance of the assembly optimized memcpy() function. Bug middle-end56888 memcpy implementation optimized as a call to memcpy. In fact, Memcpy is an efficient memory copy function. 18 hours ago We discovered recently that newlib-nano implementation of the C stdlib that we are using in our project links a very simple memcpy implementation to our code. PATCH v2 13 arm64 archarmlib Add optimized memsetmemcpy functions 2021-08-10 713 PATCH v2 03 arm64 Add optimized memsetmemcpy functions Stefan Roese 2021-08-10 713 Stefan Roese 2021-08-10 1130 Rasmus Villemoes 2021-08-10 713 PATCH v2 23 arm64 memset-arm64 Use simple memset when cache is disabled Stefan Roese 2021. A tag already exists with the provided branch name. We discovered recently that newlib-nano implementation of the C stdlib that we are using in our project links a very simple memcpy implementation to our code. Bug middle-end56888 memcpy implementation optimized as a call to memcpy. Deprecating volatile - JF Bastien - CppCon 2019 A longer discussion on volatile and c with a good set of demotivating examples in the first 20 minutes; LLVM Language Reference Manual LLVM 16. The GNU C Library (Glibc) now has a memory copy (memcpy) implementation optimized for Arm&39;s Scalable Vector Extension (SVE) that can "significantly" improve performance. 0 Kudos Copy link Share Reply SergeyKostrov Valued Contributor II. Jun 20, 2022 Memcpy is a C. void mymemset(void s, int c, unsigned int len) unsigned char ps; while(len--) . He will not be so stupid, to make a one byte memory copy, in the case of the address, he is a byte one byte copy, address alignment In the future, the CPU word will be used to copy (and DMA), 32bit or 64bit, and some optimized instructions are selected according to the type of CPU. Bug middle-end56888 memcpy implementation optimized as a call to memcpy. The last time I saw source for a C run-time-library implementation of memcpy (Microsoft&39;s compiler in the 1990s), it used the algorithm you describe but it was written in assembly. Cross-compiler vendors generally include a precompiled set of standard class libraries, including a basic implementation of memcpy (). Optimized memcpy implementation in c bj ip oh I have used the following techniques to optimize my memcpy Casting the data to as big a datatype as possible for copying. Hansen Communication Lab developed the concept of the five Cs of communication, which are the following articulate clearly; speak correctly; be considerate; give compliments; and have confidence. Copies "numBytes" bytes from address "from" to address "to" void memcpy (void to, const void from, sizet numBytes); Below is a sample C program to show working of memcpy (). h file. - Compression is pretty fast. RFC PATCH v1 04 Introduce merge identical pages mechanism 2022-11-21 1900 Alexey Romanov 2022-11-21 1900 RFC PATCH v1 14 zram introduce" Alexey Romanov (4 more replies) 0 siblings, 5 replies; 14 messages in thread From Alexey Romanov 2022-11-21 1900 UTC (permalink raw) To minchan, senozhatsky, ngupta, akpm Cc linux-mm, linux-kernel, kernel, ddrokosov, Alexey Romanov. Whereas loading 1 byte at a time would be 24 cycles. Web. Then one by one copy data from source to destination. memcpy implemented by byte copy 1voidmymemcpybyte(voiddst, constvoidsrc, intn) 2. D Programming Language. The simplest and most straightforward way is trial and error; to make a variety of improvements with some baseline knowledge, verify them in the target scenario, and then choose a better one by using a set of evaluation criteria. yuan" <zhichang. What does it look like in C. Web. However, my tests show that there is littleno difference between the system memcpy(), my proprietary memcpy, and my optimized SSE2 memcpy. We propose. yuan" <zhichang. willemtraft - C implementation of the Raft Consensus protocol,. comKNNSpeedSimple-Kernel, so they have been primarily designed to operate in a freestanding (no-OS) x86-64 environment. The memcpy implementation from that package is done in C, probably with the hope that the compiler can generate some good code for it. All you need is experience, patience, and a little imagination. PATCH v2 13 arm64 archarmlib Add optimized memsetmemcpy functions 2021-08-10 713 PATCH v2 03 arm64 Add optimized memsetmemcpy functions Stefan Roese 2021-08-10 713 Stefan Roese 2021-08-10 1130 Rasmus Villemoes 2021-08-10 713 PATCH v2 23 arm64 memset-arm64 Use simple memset when cache is disabled Stefan Roese 2021. h> include <string. Intel Optimization Reference Manual has a good example of mem copy routine (SSE inline assembly) with software prefetches and loop unrolling. The commits in this PR are split into 4 sub-sections. To demonstrate the flexibility and ease of use of PiDRAM, we implement and evaluate two state-of-the-art commodity DRAM-based PuM techniques (i) in-DRAM copy and initialization (RowClone) and (ii) in-DRAM true random number generation (D-RaNGe). My C implementation. On the contrary, newlib memcpy implementation is very sofisticated and performance optimized. 9; small size copy optimized with jump table. Web. yuan" <zhichang. Newer x86-64 processors will use SSE or AVX vector instructions. privateextern void memcpy(void dst0, const void src0, . block-move instructions, and with loop unrolling, it will probably be faster. Bug middle-end56888 memcpy implementation optimized as a call to memcpy. memmove As I mentioned above, our memcpy implementation handles overlapping memory regions. org> This patch, based on Linaro&39;s Cortex Strings library, improves the performance of the assembly optimized memcpy() function. Bug middle-end56888 memcpy implementation optimized as a call to memcpy. Search this website. In this article, we are going to discuss in detail how the memcpy () function. Write your own memcpy () and memmove () The memcpy function is used to copy a block of data from a source address to a destination address. 1) Both of the buffers are offset from a four-byte boundary by the same amount, or both are already on a four-byte boundary. Or if C returns a string to Swift, Swift needs to copy the string into its own format. willemtraft - C implementation of the Raft Consensus protocol,. Nobody is interested in an optimization in lib C that would at best gain . block-move instructions, and with loop unrolling, it will probably be faster. Syntax of memcmp in C int memcmp(const void s1, const void s2, sizet n); Parameters s1 This is the pointer to a block of memory. vandemore funeral home, good night images gif
It is used to make a copy of a specified range of characters. . Optimized memcpy implementation in c
22 Jun 2021. org> This patch, based on Linaro&39;s Cortex Strings library, improves the performance of the assembly optimized memcpy() function. Wilco explained, " Add an initial SVE memcpy implementation. Intel Optimization Reference Manual has a good example of mem copy routine (SSE inline assembly) with software prefetches and loop unrolling. This is a simple C header-only library. Oct 01, 2013 I&39;m trying to optimize the standard memcpy() to use SSE2. Search this website. h> int main () char str1 "Geeks"; char str2 "Quiz"; puts("str1 before memcpy "); puts(str1); memcpy (str1, str2, sizeof(str2)); puts(" str1 after memcpy "); puts(str1); return 0; Output str1 before memcpy Geeks str1 after memcpy Quiz. Web. class"algoSlugicon" data-priority"2">Web. The way to implement memcpy using more than single-byte copies is to use non-standard C. 18 hours ago We discovered recently that newlib-nano implementation of the C stdlib that we are using in our project links a very simple memcpy implementation to our code. com> wrote in message newsjdvgnr 2uer1 digitalmars. My own benchmarks I ran your version against the following two versions. void memcpy(void dest, const void src, sizet n) Parameters dest This is pointer to the destination array where the content is to be copied, type-casted to a pointer of type void. Web. This is a small utility that swaps the builtin call to memset and memcpy with the local implementation from this project. A free implementation only has the pointer and whatever data &39;malloc&39; may have secretly attached to it. The pngmem. It may have many parsing errors. It is a (code) size-optimized implementation that basically just copies data in a for-loop. Others choose not to and prefer to. copy instructions. Implement separated copy flow specifically optimized for target architecture > > 2. My own benchmarks I ran your version against the following two versions. On the contrary, newlib memcpy implementation is very sofisticated and performance optimized. org> This patch, based on Linaro&39;s Cortex Strings library, improves the performance of the assembly optimized memcpy() function. Web. Add store aligning > > b. Web. shawcroft -- Attachment 1 Type textplain, Size. We can easily implement the memset () function in C programming. It&39;s used quite a bit in some programs and so is a natural target for optimization. Copy, same as Array. URP Reduced the number of memcpy operations from NativeArray access in URP for performance. copy instructions. On the contrary, newlib memcpy implementation is very sofisticated and performance optimized. Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. describes an implementation of this optimization, which has two components. Rahmatollah Ghajar, Mehrdad Ghadami. Exported so that languages can implement both NORMAL and MATCHPARAMS variants in a single - function and defer part of the work to strncmpiw. There&x27;s a quibble If memcmp is not implemented in C, it does not use C lvalues to access anything at all and thus might skirt the prohibition. Below picture shows the details. From "zhichang. Most memcpy implementations I&39;ve looked at tend to try and align the data at the start, and then do aligned copies. It&39;s used quite a bit in some programs and so is a natural target for optimization. Iterative Implementation. org> This patch, based on Linaro&39;s Cortex Strings library, improves the performance of the assembly optimized memcpy() function. Intel Optimization Reference Manual has a good example of mem copy routine (SSE inline assembly) with software prefetches and loop unrolling. In fact, Memcpy is an efficient memory copy function. call load3() only when needed at the end of a scanline. 1 increments), and timed (100 cycles for each) the various operations. Description Hanna Reitz 2013-04-08 234053 UTC. Optimized memcpy implementation in c. If you want further speedups, find a way to not need any memory copying. Then one by one copy data from source to destination. 4 Aug 2016. OVS. Integrating the measuring chain and data flow. It&39;s used quite a bit in some programs and so is a natural target for optimization. h> void myMemCpy (void dest, void src, sizet n) Typecast src and dest addresses to (char) char csrc (char)src; char cdest (char)dest; Copy contents of src to dest for (int i0; i<n; i) cdest i csrc i; . 30 Aug 2018. The memcpy () routine in every C library moves blocks of memory of arbitrary size. Web. Going faster than memcpy. These functions are considered unsafe since they. We discovered recently that newlib-nano implementation of the C stdlib that we are using in our project links a very simple memcpy implementation to our code. void memcpy(void dest, const void src, sizet n) Parameters dest This is pointer to the destination array where the content is to be copied, type-casted to a pointer of type void. 26 Oct 2022. class"algoSlugicon" data-priority"2">Web. Unrolling the main loop 8 times. Copy, although It's not relevant because they don't have the same scope. Open vSwitch. He will not be so stupid, to make a one byte memory copy, in the case of the address, he is a byte one byte copy, address alignment In the future, the CPU word will be used to copy (and DMA), 32bit or 64bit, and some optimized instructions are selected according to the type of CPU. Checked on the Internet, there are many articles about memcpy function optimization. 18 hours ago We discovered recently that newlib-nano implementation of the C stdlib that we are using in our project links a very simple memcpy implementation to our code. LZO is written in ANSI C. After memset() GeeksForGeeks. Web. Unrolling the main loop 8 times. LIBRARY Standard C Library (libc, -lc) SYNOPSIS include void memcpy (void dst, const void src, sizet n); DESCRIPTION The memcpy () function copies n bytes from memory from src location to memory pointed to dst. 1) Both of the buffers are offset from a four-byte boundary by the same amount, or both are already on a four-byte boundary. So i was expecting that memcpy. If the data is already aligned, or is quite small, then this is wasting time. gcc -O3 -msse2 FastMemcpy. memcpy () leads to problems when strings overlap. The C programming language has a set of functions implementing operations on strings (character strings and byte strings) in its standard library. programming geeks. The last time I saw source for a C run-time-library implementation of memcpy (Microsoft&39;s compiler in the 1990s), it used the algorithm you describe but it was written in assembly. 0 Kudos Copy link Share Reply SergeyKostrov Valued Contributor II. (c)Optimized execution order. It&39;s used quite a bit in some programs and so is a natural target for optimization. Exception thrown at 0x0FB046EE. rguenther at suse dot de Fri, 06 Jun 2014 045451 -0700. My results (I have added a naive 1 byte at a time memcpy for reference) I feel I have exhausted the "low hanging fruit" in terms of optimization. 6 trillion won (1. We discovered recently that newlib-nano implementation of the C stdlib that we are using in our project links a very simple memcpy implementation to our code. memcpy implementations tend to be very optimized and well done, specially for machines that have a block move instruction. In the C Programming Language, the memcpy function copies n characters from the object pointed to by s2 into the object pointed to by s1. org Reporter geir at cray dot com Target Milestone --- The memcpy routine for GCC needs to be faster. The size of the destination buffer must be greater than the number of bytes you want to copy. Bug middle-end56888 memcpy implementation optimized as a call to memcpy. Below is its prototype. It is a (code) size-optimized implementation that basically just copies data in a for-loop. Web. 1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ye; dl. In short, go for correctness first. Web. memcpy () in C The memcpy () function is also called the Copy Memory Block function. Jun 20, 2022 &183; Memcpy is a C. 4p1 If an argument to a function has an invalid value (such as a value outside the domain of the function, or a pointer outside the address space of the program, or a. Jawatan Kosong GraphicMultimedia Designer Stealth Solutions Sdn Bhd Petaling Jaya. void memcpy (void destination, const void source, sizet num); The idea is. Older x86 processors will use special string. . ucard hub